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YS RAJASHEKAR REDDY-biography

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<strong style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy</strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> was born at Jammalamadugu Mission Hospital near Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh. His Father and MotherY. S. Raja Reddy and Jayamma .His schooling was in Bellary, He graduated with a degree in medical science from Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College (MRMC), Gulbarga University, Karnataka and completed his House Surgeonship at S.V. Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. He was the elected leader of the House Surgeon's Association at S.V. Medical College, Tirupati</span><br />
<span class="bio_hed" style="background-color: white; color: #2967a5; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">PERSONAL LIFE</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Y S R Rajashekar reddy was married to Vijaya Lakshmi. They have a son, Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, a politician, and a daughter, Sharmila. His younger brother Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy is also an INC politician. </span><br />
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<span class="bio_hed" style="background-color: white; color: #2967a5; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">CAREER</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">In 1978 he contested from pulivendula on Reddy-Congress Party and won the elections, Later he joined in Indira Congress.From 1980 to 1983 he was a minister holding important portfolios related to Rural Development, Medical Health and Education under T.Anjaiah Cabinet. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kadapa constituency four times and was elected to the Andhra Pradesh State Assembly six times from Pulivendula constituency. Reddy was the leader of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh State Assembly for five years. As an MLA he was influential in obtaining water from the Tungabhadra River for the Pulivendula Branch Canal (PBC) and fought for projects like RTPP (Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant) at Muddanur and Proddatur Milk Foods and its ancillaries </span><br />
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<span class="bio_hed" style="background-color: white; color: #2967a5; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">POSTIONS HELD</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li>Minister of state for rural development (1980–82)</li>
<li>Excise minister (1982)</li>
<li>Education minister (1982–83)</li>
<li>Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (2004–2009)</li>
<li>Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (20-May-2009 To 02-Sep-2009</li>
</ul>
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<span class="bio_hed" style="background-color: white; color: #2967a5; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">PADAYATRA</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">In 2003, he led a 1400 km long Padayatracovering some of the backward areas in the state to understand the ground realities and living conditions of the people there and gave life to the Congress Party in Andhra Pradesh. As a novice in the legislature, Reddy rallied all the Congress MLAs from the Rayalaseema region and led an indefinite hunger strike demanding solution to the water crisis. He also led a paadayaatra from Lepakshi to Pothireddipadu in Kurnool district. This paadayaatra lead the congress party to a land slide victory in the assembly elections in 2004 when he won 186 seats in the state assembly. </span><br />
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<span class="bio_hed" style="background-color: white; color: #2967a5; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">AS CHIEF MINISTER</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">As the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Dr. Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy stands as an example for the down-to-earth administrative capacities while efficiently serving the interests of the people at large.</span><br />
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<strong>Andhra</strong><strong> Pradesh State</strong><strong> Programme-wise Development</strong><strong><br /><strong>From May 2004 to May 2009</strong></strong></div>
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FIRST TIME IN THE WORLD</div>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>ITEM/SCHEME</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588"><strong>Achievement</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Aarogyasri Insurance</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Medical treatment costingRs.2 lakh to Seven and half crore including middle class people.  2 lakh surgeries as of now.  A rare record in the world history. Treatment, Operations covering 942 diseases. March forward towards Total Health Andhra Pradesh.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>104 Rural Mobile Health Units</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Fixed Day Health Scheme through 104 mobile units to every village. 475 mobile health units availability to every village on a fixed day in a month.  Free health checkups, free medicines for entire month, quality healthcare at the doorsteps of 4 crore rural people.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Pavala Vaddi</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">For the first time in the world, differential interest rates to women. Interest is 3% only.  Applicable to farmers and weavers also.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Abhayahastham (IKP Life Insurance Scheme)</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Monthly pension ranging from Rs.500 to Rs.2,200 to all women over 60 years of age.  Life Insurance, Scholarships to their children.  Only one rupee per day to be paid by the SHG members.  Large scale benefit to One Crore 25 lakh women.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Projects</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">The life-line projects of Telangana region, “Pranahitha-Chevella” and “Devadula” are the world’s second highest level water pumping Lift Irrigation Schemes.</td></tr>
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<span class="bio_hed" style="background-color: white; color: #2967a5; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">FIRST TIME IN THE COUNTRY</span><br />
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<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Current charges, Taxes</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Not single Paisa enhanced in current charges since the last five years. Oath taken in the Assembly, not to enhance for the next five years.  No other tax was enhanced.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Additional power purhcases</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.6,500 crore expenditure during the past two and half years. The 40% growth in power demand is the indication of the tremendous progress made in Agriculture, Industry and Service sectors.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Rajiv Udyogasri. </strong><br />
<strong>Jobs (Government and non-Government)</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">No Vacancy boards disappeared. Wanted Boards reappeared. 10 lakh jobs created in the past 5 years in Government and private sectors. Another 10 lakh jobs through Rajiv Udyogsri  in the coming two years.  55,000 jobs in SEZs as of now.  Ultimate aim is to create 25 lakh jobs.  11,000 vehicles utilised in one Jalayagnam programme alone.  Direct and indirect jobs and employment to more than one lakh persons.  50,000 teachers as of now.  17,000 Police recruitment completed.  Efforts are on for recruitment of 20,000 more police.  53,000 teachers recruitment would be completed in the coming 3 months.  Training in Mason jobs to 38,000 unemployed as part of INDIRAMMA housing programme.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Jalayagnam (Irrigation)</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Irrigated water provided to 19 lakh acres additionally as of now.  81 projects launched.  12 projects completed.  Another 13 projects under completion.  Remaining projects in fast progress by working day and night.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Free Power</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Uninterrupted free power supply to 30 lakh pump sets (families) since four and half years on record scale. 1500 crore units’ free power to Agriculture sector every year.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Agricultural Loans</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Loans worth Rs.22,650 crore distributed in 2007-08.  Rs.26,000 crore targeted for 2008-09.  The interest rate is only 3%.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Farmers’ loans waiver</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.11,100 crore loans waived to 64 lakh farmers, highest in the country. Rs.1,800 crore distributed by State Government @ Rs.5,000 as incentive to each of 36 lakh farmers who were not covered under loan waiver scheme announced by the Centre.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Land distribution</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">6.04 lakh acres distributed to poor… Rs.500 crore for land development.  Six lakh acres Land ownership rights to Tribal’s.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Agricultural Laborers</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">All round benefit to more than one crore persons.  Full stop to migrations. Daily wage enhanced from Rs.20 to Rs.82.3… Likely to be raised  Rs.100.  Top rank at national level in the implementation of National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme by using Social Audit, Smart Card and e-governance.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Pashu Kranthy</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Purchase of 1,50,000 cattle at 3%interest and Rs.30,000 subsidy. White Revolution in villages.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Sheep Insurance</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">This scheme is being implemented in the State for the first time in the entire country.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Aarogyasri, 108 </strong><br />
<strong>Ambulances</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">108 Ambulances are made available to all at all times.  Ambulances were made to reach to any place in the State within 18 minutes.  Every day, 802 Ambulances with 6,000 emergency trips is a new record. Total Health safety to seven and  half crore people through Aarogyasri.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>104 Help Line</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">50,000 calls per day.  Tele-medicine.  Free Health information. Time to time counseling.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Houses</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">39 lakh houses were built since the past four and half years.  28 lakh houses under construction.  Indiramma target is 80 lakh houses.  With the construction of the remaining houses, Andhra Pradesh would emerge as the only State without huts in the coming two years. The housing budget rose 10 times from Rs.500 crore to Rs.5,000 crores since the last four years.  Check to irregularities through 24 hour help line, quick response teams and social audit. House sites were distributed to more than 20 lakh poor.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Self Help Groups</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">More than One crore women Self Help Groups joined as of now.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Loans</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.16,535 crore  since the past four and half years (By December 2008). This year target is Rs.11,000 crore.  By March, 2009 the total loan distribution would be Rs.23,000 crore in five years period. The Government aims at making one crore women as lakhiers  in the coming four years.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Micro loans-Total percentage in the country.</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">42 %.  The lion’s share out of the country’s micro loans is enjoyed by our State women only.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Cooking Gas</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Ours is the only State that has bore the entire burden of Rs.50 on Gas enhanced by the Centre.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Ration Cards</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">An additional 50 lakh new white ration cards sanctioned as of now.  Ration cards to all the eligible.  White cards to around 2 crore families including the middle class.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Loan waiver</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.2,000 crore  waived to beneficiaries who have taken loans through S.C., S.T., B.C., Minorities’ Corporations.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Handloom Sector – Weavers</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.327 crore loans of handloom weavers waived.  3 lakh families benefited by loan waiver. Pensions to 1.5 lakh weavers.  Budget rose to more than Rs.150 crore.</td></tr>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Pensions</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Since the last five years, new pensions to 55 lakh…By 1st of every month, 71 lakh pensions regularly @Rs.200 each.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Education</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">University in every district.  17 new Universities established apart from specialized Universities.  Several new Universities like IIT, IIIT, BITS  established.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Fees Reimbursement for Students</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">For the first time in the country, 100% fee reimbursement to B.C., Minority, Poor among Upper castes (E.B.C) students including S.C. & S.Ts.  Free Higher Education. Rs.2,500 crore allocation made towards fee reimbursement during 2009-10.  26 lakh students benefited as of now.  7 lakh EBC students would benefit  additionally.  With this Govt. will be bearing the burden of providing higher education to 85% of the students. (11 lakh B.Cs., 5 lakh S.Cs, 1.8 lakh S.Ts, 7.4 lakh minorities and 25,000 disabled…in total around 33 lakh students would benefit under the scheme.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Welfare Budget</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">In 2008-09, budget was allocated to welfare sector on a large scale at Rs,30,000 crore.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>B.C.Budget</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.1,600 crore was allocated in 2008-09.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Minority Budget</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.200 crore allocated in 2008-09.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Mass Marriages</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Mass marriages were conducted through T.T.D’s Kalyanamasthu and to Minorities through Minority Department..</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Development, Plan, Welfare sector, Capital Expenditures.</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">As per the latest R.B.I. Report, the State ranks 1st either in absolute terms or on percapita basis in development, plan, social, capital expenditures. Agriculture registered two digit growth rate in 2007-08 as nowhere else in the country.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>sector, Capital Expenditures.</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">expenditures. Agriculture registered two digit growth rate in 2007-08 as nowhere else in the country.</td></tr>
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First time in the State</div>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>I.T.  & I.T. Jobs.</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">New I.T. Policy formulated in 2005 for speedy progress and to reach top position in the country.  Steps initiated for I.T. development in the cities like Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Tirupati, Warangal.  1,584 I.T. companies established as of now. 1.53 lakh jobs newly in I.T.sector.  Rs.26,122 crore I.T.Exports in 2007-08</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>I.T.exports Percentage</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Andhra Pradesh achieved 15% of the National exports.  National growth  rate is 32% and the State’s growth rated recorded as 41%.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Industries</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Fast industrialization in every district.  Industrial development at cities like Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Tirupati and Warangal.  According to R.B.I. report, our State ranked 2nd in the country in attracting investments in 2007-08.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Employment in Industries</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.16,700 crore investments from 2004 to 2008.  2.14 lakh jobs created.  Some more industries being established and fast completing at a total investment of Rs.38,600 crore… aimed at creating 1.3 lakhs jobs.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Subsidy Rice</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rice made available to 2 crore families @Rs.2 per kilo only.  Government is bearing more than Rs.3,000 crore towards Rice subsidy.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Essential Commodities</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rice, Red gram and palm oil monthly essential commodities being supplied at Rs.103 only.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Local Bodies Duties-Funds</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Janma Bhoomi-Nodal Agency cancelled.  Rs.6,110 crore spent in the last four years itself.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Production</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Agricultural production with 199 lakh M.Ts is a major achievement.  The State regained its lost glory as Annapoorna.  Farmers are well off and brimming with confidence.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Minimum Support Price Percentage</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Price rise and percentage in MSP in the last five years- Paddy-Rs.350 (64% raise), Cotton-Rs.1075 (56% raise), Jowar, Sajja, Maize Rs.355 (66% raise), Pulses Rs.1150 (84% raise), Ground Nut Rs.700 (50% raise) and Sunflower Rs.965 (77% raise).</td></tr>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Universities</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Government took a policy decision to establish one University in each district.  18 new Universities established including Veterinary, Horticulture universities as of now.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Educational Institutions</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">New educational institutions like I.I.T, IIIT, BITS Pilani established.  I.T.education being imparted in 1,000 schools and computers supplied to Madras’s.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Rural Education</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">World-class education being imparted in the Rajiv Gandhi Triple ITs to 6,000 rural students in I.T, Bio-technology, Nano-technology sectors.  Free education to majority students.  11 Polytechnic colleges, 9 Junior Colleges, 31 Degree Colleges opened.  As part of SUCCESS School education scheme, English Medium education with CBSE syllabus imparted besides computer training.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Jawahar Knowledge Centres</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Training is being imparted to students of more than 1,000 vocational colleges as per the industrial needs, with the aim of creating employment to 5 lakh persons.  Already training/placement provided to 60,000 students.   Rural and backward class  students are getting jobs employment in multi-national companies.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Community Colleges</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Evening classes in Government Colleges/Universities…Diploma and Degree awards to working persons.  Evening Polytechnic courses in the existing Engineering Colleges. Diploma seats in the State doubled.  One I.T.I established in each of the constituency.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Education Budget</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.35,000 crore spent in the past five years.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Higher Education Budget</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">Rs.1,500 crore in 2008-09 and Rs.2,383 crore allocated for 2009-10.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Co-operative Sugar, Spinning Mills</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">5 closed Sugar Mills and 2 Cement plants were re-opened.  The package of the State Government for merging BHPV in BHEL won accolades from employees and labour associations nationwide.  Government jobs provided to 1,486 employees due to the closure of Allwyn based on their efficiency and utility.  Pension facility to Allwyn employees on par with Government employees.  Several Public Undertakings like APGENCO, RTC, Singareni company etc. are running in profit path with the  support of the Government.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Rajiv Yuva Sakthi</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">80,000 youth trained in various sectors at a cost of Rs.21 crore.  Rs.20 crore financial help extended to 4,540 weavers.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>S.C.,S.T entrepreneurs</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">20% additional subsidy.  Additional reimbursement  at 0.25 paisa  on power unit.  25% additional reimbursement on Sales Tax.  Separate Trust established through which the entrepreneurs would be provided guarantee.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="139"><strong>Rains</strong></td><td valign="top" width="588">For the first time in the history …Full rains in five years.  All dams full of water continuously for five years.  Water flows to tanks what were not full in twenty five years and heavy flows to Singur project that has not witnessed full waters for eight years.  Plenty of Agricultural production and hydroelectricity generation.</td></tr>
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Apart from these schemes, his government stood as the role model in implementing the central governments flagship program – the<strong>NREGA</strong>.. The main thrust of his tenure was on social welfare with a majority of his schemes targeting at improving the lively hood of the rural masses.<strong>BBC</strong> has called him a champion of social welfare schemes.</div>
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DEATH</div>
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Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy's Bell 430 helicopter went missing on Wednesday, 2 September 2009 at 9:35 am. and Air Traffic controllers lost contact with the aircraft at 9:02 am while it was passing through the dense Nallamala forest area. The Chief Secretary of Andhra Pradesh, P. Ramakanth Reddy, said that inclement weather had forced the helicopter off-course. Although the sparsely populated forest area is considered to be stronghold of the outlawed Naxal communist insurgents, the National Security Advisor of India ruled out the possibility of the Naxals bringing down the helicopter.</div>
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The Indian Prime Minister's Office confirmed the helicopter's crash on the morning of 3 September and the death of all aboard, including Reddy, his special secretary P. Subrahmanyam, chief security officer A. S. C. Wesley, Group Captain S. K. Bhatia and Captain M. S. Reddy. The Director General of Police said that the bodies of Reddy and others were charred beyond recognition and had to be identified on the basis of clothing. The autopsy of all the bodies was carried out at Kurnool Medical College.</div>
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An investigation eventually concluded that the factors that caused that crash included the fact that the crew became fixated for more than six minutes in trying to find out what was behind a problem with their transmission oil pressure system, and they became distracted from the worsening weather. It was also noted that the pilots of the helicopter never discussed the bad weather, diverting, or returning to base.<br />
Y S Rajashekar reddy body was buried on 4 September at Idupulapai in Kadapa district .</div>
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<span class="bio_hed" style="color: #2967a5; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;">Y S R AMAR RAHE</span></center>
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YS RAJASHEKAR REDDY-biography

Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy was born at Jammalamadugu Mission Hospital near Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh. His Father and Moth...

20:28

Subhas Chandra Bose

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<b>Subhas Chandra Bose</b> (<span class="unicode haudio" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="fn"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bn_-_Netaji_pronunciation.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Bn_-_Netaji_pronunciation.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bn - Netaji pronunciation.ogg">listen</a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor: help;">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bn_-_Netaji_pronunciation.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="File:Bn - Netaji pronunciation.ogg"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>; 23 January 1897 – August 18, 1945 (aged 48)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072_1-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup>) was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India, but whose failed attempt during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a> to rid India of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Raj">British rule</a> with the help of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imperial Japan">Japan</a> left a troubled legacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165_2-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2010345_3-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010345-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2010210_4-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2010210-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> Bose is popularly known as <b>Netaji</b> (Hindi/Bengali: “Respected Leader”) in India.</div>
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Earlier, Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2010305.2C325_5-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010305.2C325-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a>and the Congress high command.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2002297_6-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2002297-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2002313_7-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2002313-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941, where the leadership offered unexpected, if sometimes ambivalent, sympathy for the cause of India's freedom, contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonized peoples and ethnic communities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201165.E2.80.9367_8-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201165.E2.80.9367-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011152_9-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011152-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and soon a Free India Radio, on which Bose broadcast nightly. A 3,000-strong <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_India_Legion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free India Legion">Free India Legion</a>, comprising Indians captured by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Korps" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a>, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201176_10-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201176-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> During this time Bose also became a father; his wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Schenkl" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a>, whom he had secretly married in Austria in 1937, gave birth to a baby girl.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201115_11-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201115-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201165.E2.80.9367_8-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201165.E2.80.9367-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201187.E2.80.9388_12-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201187.E2.80.9388-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011114.E2.80.93116_13-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011114.E2.80.93116-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Identifying strongly with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141.E2.80.93143_14-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141.E2.80.93143-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2005255_15-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2005255-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup>In Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in May 1943.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141.E2.80.93143_14-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141.E2.80.93143-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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With Japanese support, Bose revamped the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA), then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow199331.E2.80.9331_16-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow199331.E2.80.9331-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> To these, after Bose's arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore. The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Before long the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Hind" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a>, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow199331.E2.80.9331_16-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow199331.E2.80.9331-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339_17-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Bose had great drive and charisma—creating popular Indian slogans, such as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Hind" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jai Hind">Jai Hind</a>,"—and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and even gender. However, Bose's military effort was short lived. In late 1944 and early 1945 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> first halted and then devastatingly reversed the Japanese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_U-Go" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Operation U-Go">attack on India</a>. Almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Operation Tiderace">recapture of Singapore</a>. Bose had earlier chosen not to surrender with his forces or with the Japanese, but rather to escape to Manchuria with a view to seeking a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to be turning anti-British. He died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert200669_18-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert200669-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Some Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyop.C4.81dhy.C4.81.E1.BA.8Fa2004427_19-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyop.C4.81dhy.C4.81.E1.BA.8Fa2004427-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> with many among them, especially in Bengal, believing that Bose would return to liberate India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200722_20-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200722-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339.E2.80.93340_21-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339.E2.80.93340-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology, especially his collaboration with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_22-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, though never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INA_trials" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="INA trials">INA trials</a>, but eventually backtracked in the face both of popular sentiment and of its own end</div>
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Subhas Chandra Bose

Subhas Chandra Bose ( listen ( help · info ) ; 23 January 1897 – August 18, 1945 (aged 48) [1] ) was an Indian nationalist whose de...

17:13

Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC)

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<em>Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in little more than a decade.</em></div>
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Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in July 356 BC. His parents were Philip II of Macedon and his wife Olympias. Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle. Philip was assassinated in 336 BC and Alexander inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom. He quickly dealt with his enemies at home and reasserted Macedonian power within Greece. He then set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire.</div>
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Against overwhelming odds, he led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without suffering a single defeat. His greatest victory was at the Battle of Gaugamela, in what is now northern Iraq, in 331 BC. The young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, overlord of Asia Minor and pharaoh of Egypt became 'great king' of Persia at the age of 25.</div>
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Over the next eight years, in his capacity as king, commander, politician, scholar and explorer, Alexander led his army a further 11,000 miles, founding over 70 cities and creating an empire that stretched across three continents and covered around two million square miles. The entire area from Greece in the west, north to the Danube, south into Egypt and as far to the east as the Indian Punjab, was linked together in a vast international network of trade and commerce. This was united by a common Greek language and culture, while the king himself adopted foreign customs in order to rule his millions of ethnically diverse subjects.</div>
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Alexander was acknowledged as a military genius who always led by example, although his belief in his own indestructibility meant he was often reckless with his own life and those of his soldiers. The fact that his army only refused to follow him once in 13 years of a reign during which there was constant fighting, indicates the loyalty he inspired.</div>
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He died of a fever in Babylon in June 323 BC.</div>
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Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC)

Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in little more th...

17:07

Napoleon Bonaparte Biography

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Napoleon Bonaparte, (French: Napoléon Bonaparte ; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who is considered one of the most influential figures in European history.</div>
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Born in Corsica and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France, he rose to prominence under the First French Republic. He distinguished himself as a military commander fighting in Italy. In 1799, Bonaparte staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later he crowned himself Emperor of the French. In the first decade of the Nineteenth Century, he turned the armies of the French Empire against every major European power and dominated continental Europe, through a series of military victories - epitomised in battles such as Austerlitz. He maintained France's sphere of influence by the formation of extensive alliances and the appointment of friends and family members to rule other European countries as French client states. It appeared that through Napoleon's tactical genius, nothing could stop the French as they won a series of military victories.</div>
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“Circumstances-what are circumstances? I make circumstances”</div>
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- Napoleon</div>
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However, in 1812, the French invasion of Russia, led to a reversal of fortunes. His army succeeded in advancing to the outskirts of Moscow, but it was a hollow victory. The Russians had retreated into the interior, leaving a desolate and empty city. Cold and worn down with illness, his Grande Armée was forced into a long a painful retreat through the deep freeze of the Russian winter.</div>
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In 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig, and the following year the Coalition invaded France, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and making him an exile in the island of Elba. However, less than a year later, Napoleon escaped Elba and dramatically returned to power. After his escape, an army was sent by Louis XVIII to arrest Napoleon, but, Napoleon was able to sway his former army and they dramatically joined up with Napoleon. On returning to power, Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon regained power. Almost straight away, he set off to try and defeat the coalition forces ranged against him, led by the <a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/military/duke-wellington.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Duke of Wellington</a>. Napoleon sought to drive a wedge between the British and their Prussian allies and set off in hot pursuit. It was at Waterloo, in June 1815, that the Duke of Wellington, decided to turn and fight Napoleon. The Battle of Waterloo was a close run affair, with the outcome uncertain at one stage. But, the arrival of the Prussian army helped to swing the battle against the French, and Napoleon was eventually decisively beaten and ousted from power.</div>
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Napoleon spent the last six years of his life under British supervision on the island of Saint Helena, where he died. His autopsy concluded he died of stomach cancer, though Sten Forshufvud and other scientists have since conjectured that he had been poisoned with arsenic.</div>
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Despite his military prowess and empire building, he was also conscious of a more spiritual perspective on life.</div>
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“Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne, and I have founded empires. But on what did we rest the creations of our genius? Upon force. Jesus Christ founded his empire upon love; and at this hour millions of men would die for him. ”</div>
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- Napoleon</div>
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Napoleon scored major victories with a modernised French army and drew his tactics from different sources. His campaigns are studied at military academies the world over, and he is regarded as one of history's great commanders. While considered a tyrant by his opponents, he is also remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic code, which laid the administrative and judicial foundations for much of Western Europe.</div>
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Commentary on Life of Napoleon</h3>
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Napoleon was a colossal figure of nineteenth century Europe. He had an unfettered conviction in his own destiny and that of Europe. He paved the way for a very impressive modern European Empire. In doing so, he swept away much of the old feudal systems and customs of Europe. Napoleon helped to usher in a new era of European politics. He established a Napoleonic code of religious tolerance, rational values and a degree of liberalism. Yet, he was a man of paradoxes, his naked ambition led to costly wars with 6 million dead across Europe. His liberalism and tolerance was imposed with ruthless efficiency and conquest of foreign lands. <a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/sri_aurobindo.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Sri Aurobindo</a> later summed up the paradox of Napoleon by saying '<em>Napoleon was the despotic defender of democracy</em>.' Eventually, his ambition outreached his ability, leading to his humiliation in the severe Russian winter and later against the British at Waterloo.</div>
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The <a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/military/duke-wellington.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Duke of Wellington</a>, the British Commander at Waterloo was asked who he thought was the best General of all time. Wellington's reply was revealing in its unmitigated praise for Napoleon.</div>
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"In this age, in past ages, in any age, Napoleon!"</div>
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Citation : <a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/contact.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Pettinger, Tejvan</a>. "Biography of Napoleon ", Oxford,<a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;"><u>www.biographyonline.net</u></a>, 16th Mar. 2010</div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: square;"><a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/military/great-battles.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Great Battles that Changed the World</a></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: square;"><a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/military/greatest-military-leaders.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Greatest Military Leaders</a></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: square;"><a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/military/top-10-military-leaders.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Top 10 military leaders</a></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: square;"><a href="http://www.biographyonline.net/military/index.html" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;">Military Biographies</a></li>
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Napoleon Bonaparte Biography

Napoleon Bonaparte, (French: Napoléon Bonaparte ; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a French military ...

17:01

Adolf Hitler

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Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. Adi, as he was known in his youth, spent his childhood in Austria. His father, Alois, retired from civil service in 1895, when Hitler was only six, which created a tense, strict atmosphere at home.<div style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">
When Hitler was 13, his father passed away and his mother, Klara, had to care for Hitler and his siblings by herself. Times were tough for the Hitler household. In 1905, at age 16, Adolf quit school and never returned.</div>
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Hitler as an Artist</h3>
Hitler dreamed of becoming an artist, so in 1907 he applied to the painting school at the Vienna Academy of Art. He did not pass the entrance exam. After his mother passed away just a few months later from breast cancer, Hitler again tried to apply to the Vienna Academy of Art, but this time he was not even allowed to take the test.</div>
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Hitler spent the next four years in Vienna, living off what little he earned from selling postcards of his architectural drawings and the small inheritance from his mother. During this period of time, Hitler started to dabble in politics and became especially influenced by pan-Germanism.</div>
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Hitler Serves in World War I</h3>
To avoid military service in the Austrian army, Hitler moved to Munich, Germany in May 1913 but as soon as <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwari/p/World-War-I.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">World War I</a> broke out, Hitler asked for and received special permission to serve in the Bavarian-German army.</div>
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Adolf Hitler quickly proved to be a courageous soldier. By December 1914, he was awarded the Iron Cross (Second Class), in October 1916 he was wounded by a grenade splinter, and in August 1918 he was awarded the Iron Cross (First Class).</div>
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On October 13, 1918, a gas attack caused him to go temporarily blind. While recuperating in a hospital, Hitler heard the news of the end of the war and of Germany's defeat. His anger and feelings of betrayal shaped his and the world's future.</div>
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Hitler Gets Political</h3>
After the war, many in Germany felt betrayed by the German government for their sudden and unexpected surrender. The subsequent inflation made even finding a job and day-to-day living difficult for the average German citizen.<div style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">
In 1919, Hitler was working for an army organization in which he checked-up on burgeoning local political groups. While spying on these groups in September 1919, Hitler found one he liked. Soon after joining the group (he became the 55th member), he was leading it.</div>
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Hitler's Coup</h3>
Hitler believed that he could provide a stronger government that would bring strength and prestige back to Germany. So, on November 9, 1923, he attempted a coup of the government, the <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/cs/thirdreich/a/beerhallputsch.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Beer Hall Putsch</a>. It failed and Hitler was sentenced to five years at Landsberg Prison. Though he only served nine months of his term, he used this time to formulate his thoughts about a new Germany, which he made into a book, <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/Mein-Kampf.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i>Mein Kampf</i></a>. Once he was released, he continued on his road to ultimate power.</div>
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Hitler Comes to Power in Germany</h3>
By July 1932, Hitler had enough support to run for president of Germany, though he lost the election to Paul von Hindenburg. However, on January 30, 1933, <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/1930s/a/Hitler-Appointed-Chancellor.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor of Germany</a>. Within a year and a half, Hitler was able to take over both the position of president (Hindenburg died) and chancellor and combine them into one position of supreme leader, the Führer.<div style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">
After legally gaining power in Germany, Hitler quickly began solidifying his position by putting those that disagreed with him into concentration camps. He created massive amounts of propaganda that strengthened German pride by blaming all their problems on Communists and Jews. The concept of pan-Germanism inspired Hitler to combine German peoples in various countries in Europe as well as look east for lebensraum.</div>
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Hitler Starts World War II</h3>
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Since the world was extremely sensitive about the possibility of starting another world war, Hitler was able to annex Austria in 1938 without a single battle. But when he had his forces enter Poland in August 1939, the world could no longer stand aside and just watch -- World War II began.</div>
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From the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 to <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/Kristallnacht.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kristallnacht</a> in 1938, Hitler slowly removed Jews from German society. However, with the cover of World War II, the Nazis created an elaborate and intensive system to work Jews as slaves and kill them. Hitler is considered one of the most evil people in history because of the Holocaust.</div>
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During the beginning of World War II, the German war machine seemed unstoppable. However, the tide turned at the Battle of Stalingrad in the beginning of 1943. As the Allied Army got closer to Berlin, Hitler continued to control his regime from the safety of an underground bunker. Soon, even that was no longer safe.</div>
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On April 29, 1945, Adolf Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun, and wrote both his <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/hitleradolf/a/hitlerwill.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">last will</a> and <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/hitleradolf/a/Hitler-Political-Statement.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">political testament</a>. The following day, on April 30, 1945, <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/1940s/a/Hitler-Suicide.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide</a>.</div>
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if u want more information about hitler goto below link.........</div>
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<a href="http://history1900s.about.com/cs/hitleradolf/p/hitler.htm">http://history1900s.about.com/cs/hitleradolf/p/hitler.htm</a></div>
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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. Adi, as he was known in his youth, spent his childhood in Austria. H...

16:57

Mahatma Gandhi

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQaKMXwu66BSwjx9vYcTzDuvoxlCI-AT1gF1SmKVf5lRvXsBj4YvF2tQUy4cHg7jLcQEUMhVXX7res6OL8ag0IoEWMWOvMwSW2mrXmGJfn-o7rdvL3QzFoMCUIGeDzORrdS7L4pR5oUfZw/s1600/399px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQaKMXwu66BSwjx9vYcTzDuvoxlCI-AT1gF1SmKVf5lRvXsBj4YvF2tQUy4cHg7jLcQEUMhVXX7res6OL8ag0IoEWMWOvMwSW2mrXmGJfn-o7rdvL3QzFoMCUIGeDzORrdS7L4pR5oUfZw/s320/399px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<b>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</b> (<small>pronounced </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urdu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for Hindi and Urdu">[ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]</a></span><small class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_K_Gandhi.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="File:M K Gandhi.ogg"><img alt="" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="13" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/M_K_Gandhi.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M K Gandhi.ogg">listen</a>)</small>; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian independence movement">Indian nationalism</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Raj">British-ruled India</a>. Employing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Honorific">honorific</a> <b>Mahatma</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: "high-souled," "venerable"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGregor1993_2-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-McGregor1993-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup>)—applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rajmohan_gandhi_p172_3-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-rajmohan_gandhi_p172-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup>—is now used worldwide. He is also called <b>Bapu</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: endearment for "father,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McAllister1982_4-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-McAllister1982-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> "papa."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McAllister1982_4-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-McAllister1982-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eck2003_5-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Eck2003-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup>) in India.</div>
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Born and raised in a Hindu, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bania_(caste)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bania (caste)">merchant caste</a>, family in coastal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Western India">western India</a>, and trained in law at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a>, London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dalit">untouchability</a>, but above all for achieving <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></i> or self-rule.</div>
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Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Salt March">Dandi Salt March</a> in 1930, and later in calling for the British to <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quit India">Quit India</a></i> in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabarmati Ashram">self-sufficient residential community</a> and wore the traditional Indian <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a></i> and shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on a <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charkha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charkha">charkha</a></i>. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">fasts</a> as means of both self-purification and social protest.</div>
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Gandhi's vision of a free India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Khan2007-page1_6-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Khan2007-page1-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Khan2007-page1_6-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Khan2007-page1-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> into two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dominion">dominions</a>, a smaller Hindu-majority <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and Muslim <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-autogenerated3-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Eschewing the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence#Partition_and_independence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Independence">official celebration of independence</a> in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_unto_death" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fast unto death">fasts unto death</a> to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_8-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_8-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_8-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CushRobinson2008_9-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> Among them was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalist</a>, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank range.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CushRobinson2008_9-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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Gandhi is commonly, though not officially,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> considered the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Markovits2006_11-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Markovits2006-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> in India. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_in_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holidays in India">national holiday</a>, and world-wide as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Nonviolence</a>.</div>
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Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( pronounced [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi] ( listen ) ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was th...

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